SAT R&W 9: Transitions

Conjunctive adverb

An adverb that links clauses by making the clause it introduces function as an adverbial modifier of the main clause. Examples include "however," "therefore," "then," and "thus."

How can conjunctive adverbs connect two independent clauses?

They can follow a semicolon or a period and are usually followed by a comma: "I told him; however, he forgot" or "I told him. However, he forgot."

Can a comma alone normally join two independent clauses when one contains a conjunctive adverb?

No. A comma alone creates a comma splice; use a semicolon or period before the conjunctive adverb instead.

How does a conjunctive adverb differ from a coordinating conjunction?

A coordinating conjunction such as "and" directly joins grammatical units, while a conjunctive adverb expresses a relationship between clauses and typically requires stronger punctuation.

Purpose or reason signaled by conjunctive expressions

Expressions such as "so that" can indicate purpose or reason.

Sequence signaled by conjunctive adverbs

"Then," "next," "subsequently," "finally," and sometimes "since" can signal order or sequence, depending on context.

Exception or contrast signaled by conjunctive adverbs

"However," "nevertheless," "nonetheless," "still," and "though" can signal contrast, opposition, or an exception.

Comparison signaled by conjunctive adverbs

"Whereas" and "similarly" can establish a comparison or contrast between ideas.

Conjunctive adverbs that commonly signal cause and effect

"Therefore," "thus," "consequently," "accordingly," "hence," and "thereby" commonly indicate a result or consequence.

Conjunctive adverbs that commonly add information

"Also," "besides," "furthermore," "moreover," and "in addition" introduce additional information.

Conjunctive adverbs that commonly signal alternatives or replacement

"Instead" and "otherwise" can indicate replacement, an alternative, or a different possible outcome.

What logical relationship does a conjunctive adverb usually make explicit?

It clarifies how the clause it introduces relates logically to a preceding proposition, such as by cause, contrast, sequence, addition, or comparison.