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Intermediate algebra: quadratic equations and polynomials. Covers factoring, the quadratic formula, completing the square, polynomial operations, roots and zeros, and solving quadratic inequalities.

Advanced intermediate algebra. Covers function notation, domain and range, composite and inverse functions, matrices and matrix operations, logarithmic and exponential expressions, and complex numbers.

Properties of circles. Covers radius, diameter, circumference, arc length, sector area, central and inscribed angles, equations of circles, and tangent lines.

Drawing logical inferences from texts. Covers making predictions, drawing conclusions from implicit information, and distinguishing reasonable inferences from unsupported speculation.

Right triangle trigonometry. Covers sine, cosine, tangent, SOH-CAH-TOA, special right triangles (30-60-90, 45-45-90), and applications of right triangle trigonometry.

Probability and statistical inference. Covers basic probability, compound events, conditional probability, sampling methods, margin of error, and evaluating statistical claims from studies and surveys.

Bivariate data analysis. Covers scatterplots, identifying correlation, line of best fit, interpreting slope and intercept in context, residuals, and the coefficient of determination (r-squared).

Systems of linear equations. Covers solving by substitution and elimination, graphing systems, identifying the number of solutions, and modeling real-world situations with systems.

Sentence boundaries and punctuation conventions. Covers end-of-sentence punctuation, internal punctuation (commas, colons, semicolons, dashes), sentence formation, and avoiding run-ons and fragments.

Higher-order reading skills. Covers drawing inferences, identifying author’s tone and attitude, determining purpose and point of view, and analyzing how language choices create tone.

Style questions on the ACT English section. Covers word choice, tone, clarity, concision, avoiding redundancy, and selecting language appropriate for audience and purpose.

Identifying and analyzing textual and quantitative evidence. Covers locating evidence that supports a claim, evaluating the strength of evidence, and integrating information from text with data from tables and graphs.

Linear inequalities in one and two variables. Covers solving and graphing one-variable inequalities, compound inequalities, two-variable inequalities, and systems of inequalities.

Ratios, rates, proportions, and percentages. Covers unit rates, dimensional analysis, solving proportions, percent increase and decrease, percent error, and density problems.

Rhetorical strategy and organization questions. Covers determining the purpose of a passage, organizing paragraphs logically, adding and deleting material, and choosing effective opening and closing sentences.

Trigonometry on the ACT. Covers right triangle trigonometry (sine, cosine, tangent), reciprocal functions, trigonometric identities, radian and degree measure, and the unit circle.

Univariate data analysis. Covers mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, standard deviation, variance, box plots, histograms, and the effect of outliers on measures of center.

Identifying central ideas and themes, summarizing, and locating supporting details. Covers main idea identification, explicit and implicit details, and distinguishing between central and supporting information.

Sentence formation and structure. Covers recognizing and correcting run-on sentences, fragments, misplaced and dangling modifiers, parallel structure, and subordination and coordination.

Coordinate geometry with lines. Covers plotting points, slope calculation, equations of lines (slope-intercept, point-slope, standard form), parallel and perpendicular lines, midpoint and distance formulas.

Linear equations in two variables and linear functions. Covers graphing linear equations, slope-intercept form, point-slope form, standard form, interpreting slope and intercepts, and modeling with linear functions.

Analyzing conflicting scientific viewpoints. Covers comparing competing hypotheses, identifying assumptions, evaluating evidence and reasoning, understanding scientific models, and distinguishing between theories and facts.

Core reading comprehension skills. Covers identifying the main idea, locating and interpreting explicitly stated details, determining the meaning of words in context, and summarizing passages.

Synthesizing and revising text for rhetorical effectiveness. Covers accomplishing rhetorical goals, organizing information for clarity, adding/removing/revising content, and improving precision and concision.

Solving linear equations in one variable. Covers one-step and multi-step equations, equations with variables on both sides, equations with fractions and decimals, and identifying the number of solutions (one, none, infinite).

Connecting information and ideas across multiple texts. Covers comparing authors’ perspectives, identifying points of agreement and disagreement, and synthesizing information from paired passages.

Grammar and usage rules tested on the ACT. Covers subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, pronoun case, verb tense and form, commonly confused words, and idiomatic expressions.

Systems of equations where at least one equation is nonlinear. Covers solving linear-quadratic systems, quadratic-quadratic systems, and modeling with nonlinear systems.

Punctuation conventions tested on the ACT English section. Covers commas (series, introductory elements, nonessential clauses, coordinate adjectives), semicolons and colons, apostrophes (possession, contractions), dashes, and end punctuation.

Grammatical form, sentence structure, and verb tense. Covers subject-verb agreement, pronoun agreement and case, verb tense and aspect, modifiers, and parallel structure.

Plane geometry properties. Covers triangle properties (angle sum, Pythagorean theorem, similar triangles), quadrilaterals, polygons (interior/exterior angles), circles (radius, diameter, circumference, area, arcs, sectors), and angle relationships.

Understanding scientific experiments. Covers identifying hypotheses, variables (independent, dependent, controlled), controls, experimental design principles, and evaluating the validity and reliability of experiments.

Analyzing how authors structure texts and shape their purpose. Covers identifying main purpose, organizational patterns (chronological, cause-effect, compare-contrast), and how structure serves the author’s intent.

Nonlinear functions including quadratic, exponential, polynomial, and radical functions. Covers identifying function types, graphing, interpreting key features (intercepts, extrema, asymptotes), and function notation.

Interpreting scientific data. Covers reading tables, graphs (bar, line, scatter), charts, and diagrams; identifying trends and patterns; interpolating and extrapolating; and comparing data sets.

Determining the meaning of words and phrases in context, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings. Covers vocabulary-in-context questions, word choice analysis, and how specific words shape meaning and tone.

Properties of lines, angles, and triangles. Covers angle relationships (parallel lines, transversals), triangle angle sum, Pythagorean theorem, similar and congruent triangles, and special right triangles.

Solving nonlinear equations in one variable. Covers quadratic equations (factoring, quadratic formula, completing the square), equations with rational exponents and radicals, and polynomial equations.

Coordinate geometry: conic sections and transformations. Covers circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas in coordinate form, and geometric transformations (translations, reflections, rotations, dilations).

Area and volume of geometric figures. Covers area of triangles, rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and circles; surface area and volume of prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres.

Pre-algebra fundamentals. Covers operations with integers, fractions, decimals, factors, multiples, divisibility, prime numbers, absolute value, exponents, square roots, and scientific notation.

Elementary algebra. Covers solving linear equations, simplifying expressions, solving linear inequalities, graphing on the number line, and translating word problems into algebraic expressions.

Test-taking strategies for the ACT Reading section. Covers passage types (prose fiction, social science, humanities, natural science), question type patterns, time management, active reading, and elimination strategies.

Using transitions effectively to connect ideas. Covers conjunctive adverbs, transitional phrases, logical relationships (addition, contrast, cause-effect, sequence), and choosing appropriate transitions for context.

CED topic 4.7 Carrying Out a Test for the Difference Between Two Population Means. Covers the full two-sample t-test procedure, paired t-tests vs independent samples t-tests, and interpreting results in context.

CED topics 8.1 Sources of Pollution, 8.2 Human Impacts on Ecosystems. Covers point vs nonpoint source pollution, types of water pollution (chemical, biological, physical), and human impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

CED topics 3.5 Total Fertility Rate, 3.6 Human Population Dynamics. Covers TFR, replacement fertility, factors affecting fertility, demographic transition model, and the impact of demographic factors on population growth.

CED topics 5.3 Types and Effects of Irrigation, 5.4 Pest-Control Methods. Covers irrigation types (furrow, flood, sprinkler, drip), environmental impacts (salinization, waterlogging), and pest control methods (chemical, biological, integrated pest management).

CED topics 3.7 Classical Conditioning, 3.8 Operant Conditioning. Covers Pavlov, UCS/UCR/CS/CR, generalization, extinction; Skinner, reinforcement (positive/negative), punishment, schedules of reinforcement, and shaping.

CED topics 5.7 Eating Disorders, 5.8 Personality Disorders. Covers anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder; and the three clusters of personality disorders (odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, anxious/fearful).

CED topics 5.9 Historical Developments in Psychological Treatment, 5.10 Modern Treatment Options and Methods. Covers the history of treatment (asylums, deinstitutionalization), psychotherapy approaches (psychodynamic, humanistic, CBT, DBT), and biomedical therapies (medication, ECT, TMS).

CED topics 3.1 Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology, 3.2 Physical Development Across the Lifespan. Covers research methods in developmental psychology, longitudinal vs cross-sectional studies, and physical development from prenatal through aging.

CED topics 2.7 Forgetting and Other Memory Challenges, 2.8 Intelligence and Achievement. Covers Ebbinghaus curve, interference theory, amnesia, Alzheimer's, intelligence theories (Spearman, Gardner, Sternberg), IQ testing, and achievement tests.

CED topic 4.3 The Psychology of Social Situations. Covers conformity (Asch), obedience (Milgram), group dynamics (groupthink, social loafing, deindividuation), bystander effect, and the halo effect.

CED topics 4.7 Reform Movements, 4.8 African Americans in the Early Republic. Covers abolitionism, women's rights (Seneca Falls), utopian communities, and the experience of free and enslaved African Americans.

CED topics 8.6 The African American Civil Rights Movement, 8.7 Expansion of Civil Rights. Covers Brown v. Board, Montgomery Bus Boycott, MLK, SNCC, Black Power, and the expansion of rights to other groups (women, Latinos, Native Americans, LGBTQ).

CED topics 4.5 Debates About Federal Power, 4.6 The Second Great Awakening. Covers the nullification crisis, Bank War, states' rights debates, the Second Great Awakening, and reform movements (temperance, education, prisons).

CED topics 4.3 American Foreign Policy, 4.4 Innovations in Technology, Agriculture, and Business. Covers the Monroe Doctrine, Marshall Court decisions, the Market Revolution, canals, railroads, and industrialization.

CED topics 8.8 Society and Culture in the 1960s, 8.9 Youth Culture of the 1960s. Covers the counterculture, hippies, the sexual revolution, environmentalism, and student activism.

CED topics 5.7 Reconstruction, 5.8 Reconstruction Amendments. Covers Presidential vs Radical Reconstruction, the 13th/14th/15th Amendments, the Freedmen's Bureau, sharecropping, and the end of Reconstruction in 1877.

CED topics 6.9 Social and Cultural Change, 6.10 Continuity and Change in Period 6. Covers the New Middle Class, consumer culture, education, women's clubs, and social Darwinism.

CED topics 7.11 Postwar Diplomacy, 7.12 African American Civil Rights, 7.13 Continuity and Change in Period 7. Covers the UN, the beginning of the Cold War, early civil rights efforts, and overall period review.

CED topics 2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans, 2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies. Covers conflicts and cooperation with Native Americans (King Philip's War, trade), and the development of chattel slavery and the plantation system.

CED topics 8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War, 8.2 The Cold War. Covers the ideological divide between US and USSR, containment, the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO vs Warsaw Pact, and proxy wars.

CED topics 8.3 The Spread of Communism, 8.4 Decolonization After WWII. Covers the Chinese Communist Revolution, Korean War, Cuban Revolution; and the wave of independence movements in Asia and Africa after 1945.

CED topics 6.5 Economic Imperialism, 6.6 Causes and Effects of Migration. Covers economic domination without direct political control (Latin America, Ottoman Empire, China), and push/pull factors driving global migration patterns.

CED topics 6.1 Rationale for State Expansion, 6.2 State Expansion. Covers motivations for imperialism (economic, political, social/cultural), and the methods of state expansion (conquest, treaty, economic domination).

CED topics 3.3 Empire Belief Systems, 3.4 Comparative Empire Building. Covers how rulers maintained power (bureaucracies, military, religion), religious developments (Sunni-Shia split, religious tolerance), and comparisons between empires.

CED topic 8.7 Disruptions in Ecosystems. Covers invasive species, habitat fragmentation, climate change impacts, pollution, and ecological resilience.

CED topics 7.3 Population Genetics, 7.4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Covers allele frequencies, gene pools, genetic drift, gene flow, the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p² + 2pq + q² = 1), and conditions for equilibrium.

CED topics 4.6 Cell Cycle, 4.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle. Covers interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, cytokinesis, checkpoints, cyclins and CDKs, and apoptosis. Consequences of unchecked cell division (cancer).

CED topics 5.3 Mendelian Genetics, 5.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics. Covers Mendel's laws (segregation, independent assortment), Punnett squares, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, and sex-linked traits.

CED topics 2.5 Membrane Permeability, 2.6 Membrane Transport. Covers selective permeability, passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion), and active transport (pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).

CED topics 8.5 Community Ecology, 8.6 Biodiversity. Covers species interactions (competition, predation, symbiosis), ecological niches, keystone species, and biodiversity measurement.

CED topics 2.7 Facilitated Diffusion, 2.8 Tonicity and Osmoregulation. Covers channel and carrier proteins, hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic solutions, water potential, and osmoregulation in different environments.

CED topics 8.3 Population Ecology, 8.4 Population Density. Covers exponential and logistic growth models, carrying capacity, density-dependent and density-independent factors, and population dynamics.

CED topic 5.5 Environmental Effects on Phenotype. Covers how environmental factors (temperature, nutrition, light, chemicals) influence gene expression and phenotype, with examples like temperature-dependent sex determination and phenylketonuria.

CED topics 2.1 Estimating Probabilities Using Simulation, 2.2 Introduction to Probability. Covers simulation methods, the law of large numbers, sample spaces, events, probability rules (addition, complement), and mutually exclusive events.

CED topics 4.3 Setting Up a Test for a Population Mean, 4.4 Carrying Out a Test for a Population Mean. Covers setting up null and alternative hypotheses for means, the t-test for a mean, conditions (random, 10%, normal), and computing t-statistics and p-values.

CED topics 1.7 The Investigative Question Revisited and Data Collection, 1.8 Random Sampling and Experimental Design. Covers observational studies vs experiments, sampling methods (SRS, stratified, cluster, systematic), bias, principles of experimental design (random assignment, control, replication, blinding), and completely randomized vs block designs.

CED topics 1.5 Graphical Representations for One Quantitative Variable, 1.6 Summary Statistics for One Quantitative Variable. Covers dotplots, histograms, stemplots, boxplots; measures of center (mean, median, mode), spread (range, IQR, standard deviation, variance), and shape (skewness, modality).

CED topics 3.9 Sampling Distributions for the Difference Between Sample Proportions, 3.10 Constructing a Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions. Covers the sampling distribution of p-hat1 - p-hat2, conditions for inference, two-proportion z-intervals, and two-proportion z-tests.

CED topics 5.3 Linear Regression Models, 5.4 Least-Squares Regression. Covers the least-squares regression line, interpreting slope and y-intercept, residuals and residual plots, the coefficient of determination (r²), extrapolation, and influential points.

CED topics 4.1 Sampling Distributions for Sample Means, 4.2 Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean. Covers the central limit theorem for means, the t-distribution, degrees of freedom, and constructing t-intervals for a population mean.

CED topics 5.1 Graphical Representations Between Two Quantitative Variables, 5.2 Correlation. Covers scatterplots, identifying form/direction/strength, the correlation coefficient r, properties of r, and the distinction between correlation and causation.

CED topics 1.3 Tabular Representation and Summary Statistics for One Categorical Variable, 1.4 Graphical Representations for One Categorical Variable. Covers frequency tables, relative frequency, bar charts, pie charts, and two-way tables.

CED topics 1.1 Introducing Statistics: What Can We Learn from Data?, 1.2 Variables. Covers the role of statistics, population vs sample, parameter vs statistic, categorical vs quantitative variables, and the investigative process.

CED topics 4.5 Sampling Distributions for the Difference Between Two Sample Means, 4.6 Justifying a Claim Based on a Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Means. Covers the sampling distribution of x-bar1 - x-bar2, two-sample t-intervals, and two-sample t-tests.

CED topics 3.7 Carrying Out a Test for a Population Proportion, 3.8 Potential Errors When Performing Tests. Covers the full hypothesis test procedure for a proportion, Type I and Type II errors, power of a test, and the relationship between alpha and beta.

CED topics 3.1 Estimators, 3.2 Sampling Distributions for Sample Proportions. Covers unbiased estimators, sampling variability, the sampling distribution of p-hat, the central limit theorem for proportions, and conditions (random, 10%, normal).

CED topics 3.5 Setting Up a Test for a Population Proportion, 3.6 p-Values. Covers null and alternative hypotheses, one-tailed vs two-tailed tests, the p-value approach, significance level, and making conclusions in context.

CED topics 3.3 Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion, 3.4 Justifying a Claim Based on a Confidence Interval. Covers the structure of a confidence interval, critical values (z*), margin of error, interpretation of confidence level, and using intervals to evaluate claims.

CED topics 5.9 Introduction to Sustainability, 5.10 Sustainable Agriculture. Covers the three pillars of sustainability, sustainable practices (crop rotation, contour plowing, terracing, agroforestry), and reducing environmental impacts.

CED topics 5.7 Urbanization, 5.5 Ecological Footprints. Covers urbanization trends, urban sprawl, impervious surfaces, the urban heat island effect, and ecological footprints as a measure of sustainability.

CED topics 5.5 Meat Production Methods and Overfishing, 5.6 Mining. Covers CAFOs, sustainable meat production, overfishing and aquaculture, and mining methods (surface, subsurface) and their environmental impacts.

CED topics 3.3 Population Growth and Resource Availability, 3.4 Age Structure Diagrams. Covers exponential vs logistic growth, carrying capacity, limiting factors, and age structure diagrams (pyramids, constrictive, stationary).

CED topics 3.1 Generalist and Specialist Species, 3.2 Survivorship Curves. Covers characteristics of generalists vs specialists, K-selected vs r-selected species, and Type I/II/III survivorship curves.

CED topics 5.1 The Tragedy of the Commons, 5.2 The Green Revolution. Covers the concept of shared resource depletion, solutions to the tragedy of the commons, and the Green Revolution (high-yield crops, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation).

CED topics 2.3 Island Biogeography, 2.4 Ecological Tolerance. Covers the species-area relationship, immigration/extinction equilibrium, and the range of tolerance for environmental conditions.

CED topics 2.5 Natural Disruptions to Ecosystems, 2.6 Ecological Succession. Covers natural disturbances (fires, floods, volcanoes, hurricanes), resistance vs resilience, primary and secondary succession, and pioneer species.